Faced with a stagflationary shock, the Federal Reserve is on hold. Its next move will be dictated by inflation *expectations*, measured by the 5-year breakeven rate. If expectations remain anchored, the Fed can focus on growth; if they rise, aggressive rate hikes will follow.

Historical precedent is unequivocal: central banks do not cut interest rates in response to an oil shock. Despite the negative growth impact, their primary concern is preventing the initial price spike from embedding into long-term inflation expectations. Market hopes for easing are contrary to all historical data.

The market is pricing in aggressive Bank of England rate hikes in response to an oil price shock, expecting a repeat of 2022. This view is flawed because, unlike 2022, there is little scope for fiscal stimulus to protect the economy. An inflationary shock would likely trigger a recession, limiting the central bank to only two hikes, far fewer than markets anticipate.

While initial energy price spikes boost short-term inflation expectations, a sustained shock eventually hurts economic growth. This growth concern acts as a natural ceiling on long-term inflation expectations (break-evens), as markets anticipate an economic slowdown, preventing them from rising indefinitely.

Internal Bank of England models now indicate its policy stance might have shifted to neutral or even slightly accommodative. This internal uncertainty about the true restrictiveness of rates could limit how much further easing the UK market can price in.

The Federal Reserve can tolerate inflation running above its 2% target as long as long-term inflation expectations remain anchored. This is the critical variable that gives them policy flexibility. The market's belief in the Fed's long-term credibility is what matters most.

Policymakers, scarred by post-COVID inflation, risk tightening monetary policy excessively in response to energy price surges. History suggests these shocks are temporary and primarily affect headline, not core, inflation. The greater danger is stifling economic growth by overreacting to a transient inflationary impulse.

The British Pound is not strengthening as expected despite hawkish rate hikes from the Bank of England. The market is pricing in the negative growth impact (stagflation) of tightening policy during an energy-driven supply shock, which is offsetting the typical appeal of higher interest rates.

The European Central Bank is expected to lean hawkish in response to the conflict's impact on energy prices. Historical precedent from similar crises suggests their internal analysis frames such events as an inflationary threat first and a growth threat second, meaning they are unlikely to counter market expectations for rate hikes.