To invest in competitive companies like Zoom where direct access was unavailable, LeadEdge bought positions from LPs in the funds that already held the stock. This derivative approach provided economic exposure without needing the company's or the GP's permission.

The old VC model of taking 30% in a Series A and accepting dilution is being replaced. Now, funds take what ownership the market allows early on and then 'ladder up' to their 20% target by participating in subsequent growth rounds, tenders, and even IPOs. This multi-stage approach is essential for competing in today's market.

To secure allocations in competitive private rounds, public market investors like WhaleRock create extensive, proprietary research decks (e.g., a 90-page analysis). This demonstrates deep understanding and value beyond capital, earning them a spot over other investors.

Public market investors often have only 90 days to diligence an IPO using the S-1 filing. Crossover investors who engage with companies privately for years develop a deep, historical understanding of the business and management. This long-term context provides a significant informational advantage and allows for higher conviction.

The roles are blurring: firms like A16Z don't just exit at IPO. They may become the largest buyer *in* the IPO, as they did with Samsara, if they believe the public market is undervaluing the company's long-term prospects.

For late-stage startups, securing a pre-IPO round led by a premier public market investor like Fidelity is a strategic move. It provides more than capital; it offers a crucial stamp of approval that builds significant confidence and credibility with Wall Street ahead of an IPO.

Traditional venture funds have a mandate to distribute shares post-IPO. A crossover investor can credibly promise a founder, 'I never have to sell your stock to get paid. If you execute, I can hold you forever.' This aligns the investor with the founder's long-term vision and offers stability.

The abundance of private capital means the most successful companies no longer need to go public for growth funding. This disrupts the traditional VC model, where IPOs are a primary exit path, forcing firms to re-evaluate how and when they achieve liquidity for their limited partners, even for their best assets.

Unlike in tech where an IPO is often a liquidity event for early investors, a biotech IPO is an "entrance." It functions as a financing round to bring in public market capital needed for expensive late-stage trials. The true exit for investors is typically a future acquisition.