In an age of infinite content, the most powerful filter for quality is time (the Lindy effect). Prioritizing books, art, and ideas that have remained relevant for centuries ensures you are consuming profound, time-tested wisdom rather than transient trends, optimizing your 'mental diet' for depth.

Unlike ancient Greek philosophy where ethics, metaphysics, and logic were deeply interconnected, modern philosophy is largely separated into distinct, specialized fields. For example, the Stoics believed their ethics were a direct consequence of their understanding of the world's nature (metaphysics), a link often lost in modern discourse.

A key measure of philosophy's historical success isn't solving its own problems, but rather birthing new academic fields. Disciplines like mathematics, physics, economics, and psychology all originated as branches of philosophical inquiry before developing into their own distinct areas of study, a point Bertrand Russell made.

True scientific progress comes from being proven wrong. When an experiment falsifies a prediction, it definitively rules out a potential model of reality, thereby advancing knowledge. This mindset encourages researchers to embrace incorrect hypotheses as learning opportunities rather than failures, getting them closer to understanding the world.

Major philosophical texts are not created in a vacuum; they are often direct products of the author's personal life and historical context. For example, Thomas Hobbes wrote 'Leviathan,' which argues for an authoritarian ruler, only after fleeing the chaos of the English Civil War as a Royalist. This personal context is crucial for understanding the work.

The pursuit of pure originality is often a status game that leads to incomprehensible ideas. A more effective approach is to see originality as a new way to show people an old, constant truth. This re-frames innovation as a novel form of derivation, making it more accessible and relatable.

Great artists and thinkers don't necessarily have unique ideas. Instead, they possess the courage and self-esteem to grant significance to the common, relatable thoughts that most people dismiss. In their work, we find our own neglected ideas finally given legitimacy.

Modern science almost exclusively investigates the 'efficient cause' (the agent that brought something about). It largely ignores the other three causes defined by Aristotle: the material cause (what it's made of), the formal cause (its form or shape), and the final cause (its purpose or 'telos'), thus providing an incomplete picture.

While famous for 'The Myth of Sisyphus,' this was an early work that Camus himself found insufficient. He wrestled with its moral implications, particularly that it values quantity of life over quality. His later works, like the novel 'The Plague,' explore concepts like friendship and shared struggle as potential sources of meaning, moving beyond his initial stark absurdism.