The founders initially feared their data collection hardware would be easily copied. However, they discovered the true challenge and defensible moat lay in scaling the full-stack system—integrating hardware iterations, data pipelines, and training loops. The unexpected difficulty of this process created a powerful competitive advantage.

After a failed European expansion, Bolt rejected conventional VC advice to target the US or Western Europe. Instead, they built a data model in Excel, ranking global cities by metrics like unemployment and car ownership. This led them to Africa, a non-obvious but highly successful market that became over 50% of their business in six months.

Startups often fail by making a slightly better version of an incumbent's product. This is a losing strategy because the incumbent can easily adapt. The key is to build something so fundamentally different in structure that competitors have a very hard time copying it, ensuring a durable advantage.

To avoid distracting from its core business, Bolt tests new ventures like scooters and food delivery using a standardized playbook. A small team of 5-10 people is given a modest budget and a six-month timeline to build an MVP and show traction. If successful, they get more funding; if not, the project is shut down.

Business model innovation is a third, often-overlooked pillar of success alongside product and go-to-market. A novel business model can unlock better unit economics, align incentives with customers, and dictate the entire product and operational strategy.

After a disastrous London launch was shut down in 72 hours for bypassing regulators, Bolt learned a critical lesson. Their 'move fast' approach from low-regulation markets didn't work everywhere. This failure forced them to create a dual strategy: optimizing for speed in some countries and for risk mitigation and compliance in others.

While competitors focus on software, Square believes designing hardware "from the chip up" is a key advantage. This control allows for a superior, integrated experience for both customers and staff at the physical counter, making the technology feel seamless and delightful.

When COVID decimated ride-hailing, Bolt rejected mass layoffs common among competitors. They opted for a universal 20% salary cut, with leadership taking more. This preserved their team's talent and morale, allowing them to aggressively pivot to food delivery and capture significant market share from paralyzed rivals when the market recovered.

Starting with drop shipping proved the concept but offered unsustainable margins. The pivot to in-house apparel manufacturing unlocked significantly higher profits (from a £2 margin to £15). This allowed them to reinvest capital back into the business, fueling actual growth.