The recent biotech funding "winter" thawed as large pharmaceutical companies began addressing their massive patent cliffs. This existential threat spurred a wave of M&A transactions, which in turn injected capital and confidence back into the market, enabling smaller biotechs to raise funds through follow-on offerings and IPOs.

Albareo was ready to IPO with strong investor interest in summer 2015, but the market window slammed shut due to external events like the Martin Shkreli scandal. This forced the company into a creative reverse merger, a stark reminder that IPO timing is ultimately dictated by market sentiment beyond a company's control.

While staying private can offer strategic advantages, particularly for future M&A, the biotech industry lacks a mature private growth capital market. Companies needing hundreds of millions for late-stage trials have no choice but to go public, unlike their tech counterparts.

To tap into public market investors, Adaptin Bio merged with a 'Form 10' public shell company. This distinct route is not a SPAC as it doesn't raise money in an IPO. Instead, it provides a faster path to becoming a public reporting entity to attract a wider investor base.

Astute biotech leaders leverage the tension between public financing and strategic pharma partnerships. When public markets are down, pursue pharma deals as a better source of capital. Conversely, use the threat of a public offering to negotiate more favorable terms in pharma deals, treating them as interchangeable capital sources.

The closed IPO window forced many private biotech companies to achieve significant clinical milestones, like Phase 2 proof-of-concept, while still private. This has created an unusual cohort of well-seasoned, de-risked companies with attractive valuations, poised to be highly appealing to public investors.

Candle Therapeutics secured $100M not through equity, but by selling a percentage of future US sales of its Phase III cancer therapy. This non-dilutive royalty financing provides capital for a product launch without giving up ownership, a strategic option for companies nearing FDA approval.

Unlike in tech where an IPO is often a liquidity event for early investors, a biotech IPO is an "entrance." It functions as a financing round to bring in public market capital needed for expensive late-stage trials. The true exit for investors is typically a future acquisition.

A successful biotech IPO isn't about attracting the public; it's about securing commitments from crossover investors beforehand. These investors must "bring their own beer to the party" by participating in the IPO. Their presence validates the company, stabilizes the offering, and is essential for attracting generalist funds later.