Prepared tackled the slow GovTech market by providing its initial product for free. This strategy bypassed cumbersome procurement, built a large user base, and established the credibility needed to overcome the authority of entrenched, larger competitors.

In a crowded market, Missive's commitment to syncing all collaborative actions back to the user's email server became its key selling point. This technical choice built trust and loyalty with users wary of getting locked into a new platform and proved to be a surprisingly effective moat.

Mailtrap was created after its founders made a catastrophic mistake: accidentally sending 20,000 test billing emails to real customers. To prevent a recurrence, they built a simple internal tool to trap test emails. This tool, born from solving an intense, personal pain point, had immediate product-market fit when shared with the developer community.

Instead of focusing on competitors or price, Ring's strategy is to invent features that benefit society, like using AI to find lost pets. This builds customer trust and goodwill, which they believe drives more long-term sales than direct competitive tactics.

Instead of paid marketing, Nubank scaled to over 120 million users with a customer acquisition cost of just a few dollars. This was achieved organically through word-of-mouth, fueled by a superior value proposition (no fees, better service) that solved a clear and painful consumer problem, enabled by a 20x more efficient cost structure.

As AI and no-code tools make software easier to build, technological advantage is no longer a defensible moat. The most successful companies now win through unique distribution advantages, such as founder-led content or deep community building. Go-to-market strategy has surpassed product as the key differentiator.

To land its first skeptical customers like Drada, Merge offered its platform for free for two months without a contract. This de-risked the decision for the customer and allowed Merge to prove its product's value and the team's responsiveness before asking for a financial commitment.

Read AI discovered that the longer a user stays on the free plan, the more likely they are to eventually pay. By allowing users to build a large personal data archive for free, the value of upgrading to access and query that history becomes a powerful, self-created incentive.

Sustainable scale isn't just about a better product; it's about defensibility. The three key moats are brand (a trusted reputation that makes you the default choice), network (leveraged relationships for partnerships and talent), and data (an information advantage that competitors can't easily replicate).