China's government sets top-down priorities like dominating EVs. This directive then cascades to provinces and prefectures, which act as hundreds of competing, state-backed venture capital funds, allocating capital and talent to achieve the national strategic goal in a decentralized but aligned way.
Related Insights
To counter the economic threat from China's state-directed capitalism, the U.S. is ironically being forced to adopt similar strategies. This involves greater government intervention in capital allocation and industrial policy, representing a convergence of economic models rather than a clear victory for free-market capitalism.
By coining the term 'low altitude economy,' China is signaling a deliberate, top-down industrial strategy to own the market for autonomous flying vehicles (EVTOLs) and delivery drones. This isn't just about a single company; it's about creating and regulating a new economic sector to establish a global manufacturing and operational lead.
Unlike the U.S. government's recent strategy of backing single "champions" like Intel, China's successful industrial policy in sectors like EVs involves funding numerous competing companies. This state-fostered domestic competition is a key driver of their rapid innovation and market dominance.
Uber's CEO argues China's EV dominance is a product of a unique hybrid model. The government sets a top-down strategic goal, but then over 100 domestic companies engage in "brutal," bottoms-up competition. The winners, like BYD, emerge battle-tested and highly innovative.
China's economic structure, which funnels state-backed capital into sectors like EVs, inherently creates overinvestment and excess capacity. This distorted cost of capital leads to hyper-competitive industries, making it difficult for even successful companies to generate predictable, growing returns for shareholders.
China's campaign against "evolution" (excessive competition) is not a broad economic stimulus. It specifically benefits sectors like EV batteries, steel, and cement where state control or rapid market consolidation can restore pricing power and profitability.
The widely reported collapse of China's housing market is not an organic crisis but a state-directed reallocation of capital. By instructing banks to prioritize industrial capacity over mortgages, the government is deliberately shifting funds away from a speculative real estate bubble and into strategic sectors like microchips to counter US sanctions and build self-sufficiency.
China is explicitly subsidizing domestic semiconductor firms through its National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund. This state-backed capital is the key driver behind its policy to achieve technological independence and replace foreign companies like NVIDIA.
In trying to compete, the U.S. is mirroring China's protectionism and industrial policy. This is a strategic error, as the U.S. political system lacks the ability to centrally direct resources and execute long-term industrial strategy as effectively as China's state-controlled economy.
Contrary to the Western perception of a monolithic state-run system, China fosters intense competition among its provinces. Provincial leaders are incentivized to outperform each other, leading to massive, parallel innovation in industries like EVs and solar, creating a brutally efficient ecosystem.
