Combat indecision and emotional attachment by pre-committing to sell an investment if it fails to meet a specific metric (the state) by a specific deadline (the date). This creates a pre-commitment contract that closes long feedback loops and prevents complacency with underperforming assets.

Post-mortems of bad investments reveal the cause is never a calculation error but always a psychological bias or emotional trap. Sequoia catalogs ~40 of these, including failing to separate the emotional 'thrill of the chase' from the clinical, objective assessment required for sound decision-making.

Dalio claims meditation is the single most important factor in his success. It provides the "equanimity" to observe market and political realities objectively, separating emotional reactions from analytical decision-making. This allows him to treat all events, even negative ones, as learning experiences.

To avoid emotional, performance-chasing mistakes, write down your selling criteria in advance and intentionally exclude recent performance from the list. This forces a focus on more rational reasons, such as a broken investment thesis, manager changes, excessive fees, or shifting personal goals, thereby preventing reactionary decisions based on market noise.

Successful investing requires strong conviction. However, investors must avoid becoming so emotionally attached to their thesis or a company that they ignore or misinterpret clear negative signals. The key is to remain objective and data-driven, even when you believe strongly in an investment.

Elite decision-making transcends pure analytics. The optimal process involves rigorously completing a checklist of objective criteria (the 'mind') and then closing your eyes to assess your intuitive feeling (the 'gut'). This 'educated intuition' framework balances systematic analysis with the nuanced pattern recognition of experience.

The common bias of loss aversion doesn't affect investors who have done exhaustive upfront work. Their conviction is based on a clear understanding of an asset's intrinsic value, allowing them to view price drops as opportunities rather than signals of a flawed decision.

Before committing capital, professional investors rigorously challenge their own assumptions. They actively ask, "If I'm wrong, why?" This process of stress-testing an idea helps avoid costly mistakes and strengthens the final thesis.

A core discipline from risk arbitrage is to precisely understand and quantify the potential downside before investing. By knowing exactly 'why we're going to lose money' and what that loss looks like, investors can better set probabilities and make more disciplined, unemotional decisions.