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The primary barrier to realizing the benefits of new technologies like AI isn't the tech itself, but a societal structure Stripe calls the "Republic of Permissions." Non-market forces like regulators, committees, and courts create synthetic impediments that prevent economically superior solutions from being adopted.
Big tech (Google, Microsoft) has the data and models for a perfect AI agent but lacks the risk tolerance to build one. Conversely, startups are agile but struggle with the data access and compliance hurdles needed to integrate with user ecosystems, creating a market impasse for mainstream adoption.
The U.S. leads in tech because its ecosystem is built on "permissionless innovation"—the ability for founders to create without seeking government approval first. This contrasts with Europe's regulator-centric model and is the crucial element that must be protected to maintain the AI lead.
A regulator who approves a new technology that fails faces immense public backlash and career ruin. Conversely, they receive little glory for a success. This asymmetric risk profile creates a powerful incentive to deny or delay new innovations, preserving the status quo regardless of potential benefits.
While seemingly promoting local control, a fragmented state-level approach to AI regulation creates significant compliance friction. This environment disproportionately harms early-stage companies, as only large incumbents can afford to navigate 50 different legal frameworks, stifling innovation.
The PC revolution was sparked by thousands of hobbyists experimenting with cheap microprocessors in garages. True innovation waves are distributed and permissionless. Today's AI, dominated by expensive, proprietary models from large incumbents, may stifle this crucial experimentation phase, limiting its revolutionary potential.
Silicon Valley's economic engine is "permissionless innovation"—the freedom to build without prior government approval. Proposed AI regulations requiring pre-approval for new models would dismantle this foundation, favoring large incumbents with lobbying power and stifling the startup ecosystem.
The US banking system is technologically behind countries in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America. This inefficiency stems from a protected regulatory environment that fosters a status quo. In contrast, markets like the UK have implemented fintech-friendly charters, enabling innovators like Revolut to thrive.
Leaders adopt advanced AI to accelerate innovation but simultaneously stifle employees with traditional, control-oriented structures. This creates a tension where technology's potential is neutralized by a culture of permission-seeking and risk aversion. The real solution is a cultural shift towards autonomy.
The tech industry has the knowledge and capacity to build the data centers and power infrastructure AI requires. The primary bottleneck is regulatory red tape and the slow, difficult process of getting permits, which is a bureaucratic morass, not a technical or capital problem.
While AI moves fast in the world of bits, its progress will be constrained in the world of atoms (healthcare, construction, etc.). These sectors have seen little technological change in 50 years and are protected by red tape, unions, and cartels that resist disruption, preventing an overnight transformation.