Politicians will continue running large deficits as long as the bond market tolerates it by keeping interest rates low. The ultimate correcting mechanism for government spending isn't political discipline, but the bond market's impersonal decision to raise rates, forcing fiscal responsibility.

When drivers of an "economic miracle"—typically demographics and productivity—inevitably slow, governments often turn to debt to maintain high growth rates. This happened in post-WWII Italy and is happening now in China. It's a dangerous attempt to paper over a structural slowdown, leading to debt sustainability problems.

Economist Steve Keen's model suggests GDP is a function of money supply and its velocity. Since banks create money through private loans, the rise and fall of private debt directly dictates GDP growth and employment levels, a factor mainstream economics largely ignores.

Despite recent concerns about private credit quality, the most rapid and substantial growth in debt since the GFC has occurred in the government sector. This makes the government bond market, not private credit, the most likely source of a future systemic crisis, especially in a rising rate environment.

In a world where the government is the largest debtor, raising interest rates acts as a fiscal transfer, increasing income for the private sector (bondholders). When this is financed through monetized bill issuance, higher rates can paradoxically become an economic stimulus, not a contractionary force.

Government projections showing exponential, unsustainable debt growth are flawed because they model a straight line forward, ignoring historical data. As economist Steve Keen points out, debt-to-GDP ratios have always fluctuated in cycles; modeling a continuous, ahistorical trend is inherently misleading and creates false alarms.

Economist Arthur Laffer argues that debt is merely a tool. Debt used for productive investments that generate high returns (e.g., Reagan's tax cuts to spur growth) can be beneficial. In contrast, debt used for non-productive purposes (e.g., paying people not to work) is destructive to the economy.

Historically, the debt-to-GDP ratios of the world's largest economies have moved in unison. As long as this trend continues, a high ratio in one country is less of a crisis because it's a relative problem. The real risk is one nation decoupling with significantly different economic output.

Large, ongoing fiscal deficits are now the primary driver of the U.S. economy, a factor many macro analysts are missing. This sustained government spending creates a higher floor for economic activity and asset prices, rendering traditional monetary policy indicators less effective and making the economy behave more like a fiscally dominant state.