Quantitative Easing (QE) forced massive, often uninsured deposits onto bank balance sheets when loan demand was weak. These deposits were highly rate-sensitive. When the Fed began raising rates, this "hot money" quickly fled the system, contributing to the banking volatility seen in March 2023.

Contrary to the push for an "efficient" (smaller) Fed balance sheet, an abundance of reserves increases bank safety. Bank reserves are immediately accessible liquidity, unlike Treasuries which must be sold or repoed in a crisis. This inherent buffer can make the banking system more resilient.

America's system of nearly 10,000 banks is not a market inefficiency but a direct result of the founding fathers' aversion to centralized, oligopolistic British banks. They deliberately architected a fractured system to prevent the concentration of financial power and to better serve local business people, a principle that still shapes the economy today.

The creation of the Bank of England and John Law's monetary schemes were not academic exercises. They were desperate measures to solve the massive national debts accumulated by England and France from decades of war, showing how fiscal crisis is a powerful catalyst for financial innovation.

The Fed's "ample reserve" system has fundamentally changed the Fed funds market. Banks no longer need to borrow reserves from each other. The market is now dominated by non-U.S. banks borrowing from home loan banks in a simple arbitrage trade, making it a poor barometer of liquidity.

Thinking about leverage as simply "on" or "off" is limiting. A more advanced approach views any asset with a lower expected return as a potential liability. One can effectively "borrow" it (i.e., short it) to finance the purchase of an asset with a higher expected return, aiming to capture the spread.

Central banks evolved from gold warehouses that discovered they could issue more paper receipts (IOUs) than the gold they held, creating a fraudulent but profitable "fractional reserve." This practice was eventually co-opted by governments to fund their activities, not for economic stability.

While stablecoins gain attention, tokenized deposits offer similar benefits—like on-chain transactions—but operate within the existing, trusted regulatory banking framework. As they are simply bank liabilities on a blockchain, they may become a more palatable alternative for corporates seeking efficiency without regulatory uncertainty.

One of humanity's most ingenious technologies, writing, did not emerge for poetry or romance. Its origin story is economic: it was developed as a ledger system to record debts and credits for commodities like barley, making money the first thing we wrote about.