Contrary to their image of deep-rooted heritage, major clubs like Fiorentina, Roma, and Napoli were formed in the 1920s by Mussolini's regime. They were created by forcibly merging smaller, local teams to build stronger, city-representing entities as part of a national project, a practice modern fans would view as inauthentic.

To align football with its nationalist agenda, Mussolini's regime undertook a linguistic purge. English terms common in the sport were replaced with Italian ones in media broadcasts. The game itself was officially branded 'Calcio', linking it to a medieval Florentine game to manufacture an ancient, purely Italian heritage.

Despite initial criticism of a UFC event at the White House as a 'bread and circuses' moment during tough economic times, the event was a massive success. This suggests that large-scale, high-production sporting events are a potentially powerful and underutilized tool for governments to increase their popularity and approval ratings.

Italian leaders openly framed their switch of alliances as a "sacred egoism" – a divinely appointed mission to enlarge the fatherland. This concept sacralized raw national self-interest, providing a moral justification for betraying former allies and pursuing a war of conquest.

Many call for more large-scale societal projects like the Apollo or Manhattan Projects. However, these were not just public works; they were military or quasi-military efforts born from an arms race. Replicating them requires a more militarized society, a trade-off that is often overlooked.

Mussolini's regime used sport to symbolize a new, virile Italy, contrasting with the 'weak' past. He personally promoted an athletic image through staged photos—skiing bare-chested or riding horses—even though he was a 'small, fat man', to personify this national rejuvenation and build a cult of personality.

Despite widespread public opposition, the Italian government used celebrity poet Gabriele D'Annunzio to ignite war fever. His impassioned, quasi-religious speeches created a frenzy among a vocal urban minority, pressuring politicians and the king into a war the majority of the population did not want.

Italy joined WWI after being promised vast territories, but received only a fraction of them after immense sacrifice. This widespread sense of betrayal and resentment over a "mutilated victory" created the perfect political environment for nationalists like Benito Mussolini to rise to power in the 1920s.

The 'bread and circuses' theory that sports triumphs brainwash citizens into supporting authoritarianism is flawed. People possess multiple identities and can celebrate a national team's victory without endorsing the ruling regime. As one contemporary critic noted, 'No one ever became fascist because they supported' Italy's team.