Far from being an enigmatic figure, the Mona Lisa was Lisa Gherardini, wife of a wealthy merchant. The portrait was likely a conventional commission to celebrate the birth of a son and display the family's rising social and economic status in Florentine society.
Romantic-era writers projected their fascination with predatory and mysterious women onto the painting. They described her as a vampire, a seductress, and a snake, creating a compelling narrative of danger and mystique that significantly boosted her fame and shaped public perception.
The painting’s reputation is not entirely self-contained. It rose in tandem with the 19th-century Romantic portrayal of Leonardo as the ultimate polymath genius. The artwork's special status came from its association with the artist, not the other way around.
The painting was relatively obscure for centuries, not even ranking in the top 100 works at Versailles. Its fame ignited in the 19th century when the Romantic movement celebrated its mysterious qualities and the genius of Leonardo, making its iconic status a modern phenomenon.
The Mona Lisa's status was confirmed when it became a target for parody. Marcel Duchamp's 1919 act of drawing a moustache on a postcard was an acknowledgment of the painting's unrivaled cultural position. The resulting scandal only amplified its fame.
The centuries-long debate over the sitter's identity was not solved by art analysis but by archival research. In 2005, a librarian in Heidelberg found a 1503 handwritten note in a book's margin, explicitly naming the subject as "Lisa del Giocondo," decisively ending the speculation.
While already well-known, the painting's two-year disappearance created a global media firestorm. The crime and its dramatic recovery put the Mona Lisa on front pages worldwide, cementing its status as the world's most famous artwork and a symbol of high culture itself.
The smile's mystery is a deliberate artistic effect. Leonardo's "Sfumato" (smoky) technique blurs the corners of the mouth and eyes, creating what art historian Martin Kemp calls a "precisely rendered indefiniteness" that forces the viewer to interpret an expression that isn't fully defined.
Leonardo's "Sfumato" technique created a smoky quality that defied easy reproduction by earlier methods like copperplate printing. The painting's fame exploded only after 1880s photographic technology could finally capture and mass-distribute its subtle, hard-to-copy details.