Unlike the US Fed, the European Central Bank is expected to raise interest rates in response to the energy shock. This is because its single mandate focuses purely on inflation, and Europe historically experiences stronger 'second-round effects' where energy prices lead to broader wage increases.
Asia is uniquely vulnerable to the current energy crisis not just from price increases but from physical supply shortages—a factor rarely modeled in past shocks. This dual risk poses a more significant threat to economic growth than in other regions, with some economies already facing rationing.
China is insulated from the worst effects of an oil shock due to its state-controlled supply chain. It can activate coal gasification facilities when crude prices exceed $100 and toggle its power grid between gas, surplus coal, and solar, minimizing the impact on economic growth.
While the energy shock will increase input prices in China, it will not resolve the country's persistent deflationary cycle. True, sustainable reflation requires a recovery in consumer demand and an improvement in corporate profit margins, neither of which is achieved through an external cost shock.
Despite inflationary pressures from an oil price shock, the US Federal Reserve is expected to maintain an easing bias. The rationale is that high energy prices will ultimately destroy consumer demand and weaken hiring, making rate cuts to support the economy more likely than hikes.