General Relativity radically redefines a 'straight line'. An astronaut in freefall is moving along a straight path (a geodesic) in curved spacetime and feels no force. A person sitting in a chair on Earth is being prevented from following this straight path, and thus experiences the force of gravity.
A flight from San Francisco to London looks like a massive detour on a flat map but is a straight line on a globe. This is a direct analogy for General Relativity: our perception is distorted by trying to represent curved spacetime on a flat-seeming graph, making a thrown object's straight path appear parabolic.
While orbiting helps objects avoid falling into a gravitational well, this breaks down near a black hole. Within a certain radius (3GM/c²), the immense kinetic energy of a fast orbit itself begins to gravitate, pulling the object in more strongly than the centrifugal force pushes it away.
In Special Relativity, time dilation is symmetric: two moving observers each see the other's clock as slow. In General Relativity, it's absolute. Due to the asymmetry of the gravitational well, all observers agree that the clock deeper in the well is the one that is objectively running slower.
By lowering matter towards a black hole's event horizon on a pulley system, one could theoretically extract 100% of its rest mass energy (mc²). This is vastly more efficient than chemical reactions (~10⁻¹⁰ efficiency) or even nuclear fusion (~10⁻² efficiency), which only tap into binding energies, not the full mass.
The experience of falling into a black hole creates two valid but contradictory perspectives. A distant observer sees you slow down due to time dilation, seemingly freezing and fading at the event horizon forever. From your perspective, you cross the horizon seamlessly in finite time, noticing nothing locally special, though you are now doomed.
Before finalizing General Relativity, Einstein incorrectly predicted that light would bend by the same amount as in Newtonian physics. WWI caused early eclipse expeditions to fail, preventing his theory from being prematurely falsified. During the war, he corrected his math to predict double the bending, which Eddington's 1919 expedition famously confirmed.
General Relativity is an extreme example of a correct theory derived from pure thought with minimal empirical input. This romantic vision of a lone genius has profoundly influenced theoretical physics, inspiring approaches like string theory that rely heavily on mathematical consistency in the absence of experimental data, a strategy that has proven difficult to replicate.
The 'coincidence' that an object's resistance to acceleration (inertial mass) equals its gravitational pull (gravitational mass) was Einstein's key clue. This equivalence allows gravity to be reframed as an inertial force, like centrifugal force, which is experienced when one deviates from a straight path through spacetime.
A common fear is that AIs will produce billion-line proofs of theorems without offering human insight. However, an alternative and perhaps more likely future is that their superhuman capabilities will be applied to explanation. They could take complex, human-incomprehensible proofs and find novel ways to make them intuitive and easy to understand.
It took Einstein a decade to formulate General Relativity, but a graduate student can now grasp it in a 10-week course. This isn't because students are smarter, but because they benefit from the distilled knowledge of pioneers like Einstein who made mistakes and boiled down incomprehensible ideas to their essentials, clearing the path for future generations.