Pricing electricity at thousands of physical grid locations ("nodes") is not an arbitrary complexity. The price differentials between nodes create precise financial signals that show developers the most valuable locations to build new power plants or transmission lines, helping to alleviate system congestion and improve efficiency.
The "cost-plus" regulatory model allows utilities to earn a guaranteed return on capital investments (CAPEX) but no margin on operational expenses (OPEX). This creates a powerful, often inefficient, incentive for utilities to solve every problem by building expensive new infrastructure, even when cheaper operational solutions exist.
Unlike typical diversified economic growth, the current electricity demand surge is overwhelmingly driven by data centers. This concentration creates a significant risk for utilities: if the AI boom falters after massive grid investments are made, that infrastructure could become stranded, posing a huge financial problem.
Over the last 20 years in New England's restructured market, the primary driver of higher consumer electricity bills wasn't the cost of power itself, which fell 50% inflation-adjusted. Instead, the cost of transmission and delivery infrastructure skyrocketed by 900%, fundamentally shifting the composition of consumer bills.
Contrary to popular belief, recent electricity price hikes are not yet driven by AI demand. Instead, they reflect a system that had already become less reliable due to the retirement of dispatchable coal power and increased dependence on intermittent renewables. The grid was already tight before the current demand wave hit.
The restructuring of the U.S. electricity sector wasn't purely ideological. It was a direct response to regulated utilities making massive, incorrect bets on demand growth, building unneeded power plants, and causing prices to skyrocket for captive customers. Competition was introduced to shift this investment risk from consumers to private investors.
While physical equipment lead times are long, the real trigger for unlocking the power sector supply chain is Big Tech signing long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). These contracts provide the financial certainty needed for generators, manufacturers, and investors to commit capital and expand capacity. The industry is waiting for Big Tech to make these moves.
A major flaw in the U.S. electricity system is its one-sided nature, where supply must constantly react to inelastic demand. Unlike the airline industry, which uses dynamic pricing to manage demand and achieve high "load factors," the power sector has failed to develop robust mechanisms for demand-side response, leading to inefficiency.