The end of the zero-interest-rate period compressed lending margins, but it had a silver lining. It forced fintech companies to become 'full-stack' by acquiring bank charters and building significant revenue streams from customer deposits, ultimately making their business models more durable.

Wise bypasses SWIFT by obtaining "direct connections" to a country's domestic banking system, a license rarely given to non-banks. This process is arduous, taking five years in the UK, creating a significant barrier to entry for competitors.

The company, originally TransferWise, was born when two Estonian founders devised a way to swap currencies between their UK and Estonian bank accounts to avoid exorbitant fees. This origin story is the DNA of the company's relentless focus on cheap, fast cross-border payments.

Banks oppose stablecoins because they disrupt a core profit center: the spread between low interest paid on deposits and high yields earned from investing those deposits in treasuries. Stablecoins can pass these yields directly to consumers, creating a competitive market.

Wise holds a "counter-positioning" advantage over banks. For a bank to replicate Wise's low-cost model, it would have to abandon the lucrative, high-fee SWIFT system that underpins its current international transfer business. This reluctance to self-disrupt creates a protective barrier for Wise.

Wise reinvests profits from growing volume into infrastructure like direct connections. This lowers operating costs, enabling further fee reductions. The cheaper, faster service attracts more customers and volume, creating a self-reinforcing cycle that strengthens its market position.

Unlike banks using the slow, costly SWIFT network, Wise maintains local liquidity pools. A UK-to-US transfer is paid from its US account while the sender's pounds replenish its UK account, avoiding cross-border movement and associated fees.

To avoid being classified as a bank, Coinbase's stablecoin model offers "rewards" for user activity like payments or trading, rather than paying interest directly on balances. This is a crucial legal distinction under new regulations allowing them to pass on yield from treasury reserves.

Unlike competitors who cut prices under pressure, Wise proactively lowers its take rate as part of its core "scale economies shared" model. This enhances the customer value proposition, attracts more volume, and strengthens its long-term competitive advantage.