In physics, the observer is often conflated with the measurer. Bitcoin provides a model where measurement is an objective, internal process—the mining of a block. Observation is the separate, subsequent act of verification by a node. This clarifies a long-standing ambiguity in physics.

Bitcoin's finite supply is presented as a necessary boundary for a complete logical system, without which measurements become meaningless. This is analogous to physical constants like Planck temperature, which act as boundaries for physical laws, suggesting boundaries are essential for defining reality.

By converting energy (joules, Boltzmann entropy) into a specific configuration of Satoshis (bits, Shannon entropy) through mining, Bitcoin provides an operational bridge between the physical and information worlds. This resolves the long-standing disconnect between the two forms of entropy.

David Rosenthal, NVIDIA's first-ever hire, argues that Bitcoin's security premise is vulnerable. He posits that future quantum computers could relatively easily crack the private keys for the roughly 20% of 'lost' or unclaimed Bitcoins, fundamentally undermining the cryptocurrency's claim of being a secure asset.

Unlike traditional banks that use 2FA and can roll back fraudulent transactions, Bitcoin's decentralized and immutable design makes it a top target for a quantum attack. It represents a massive, unprotected honeypot, as stolen funds cannot be recovered, elevating its risk profile above other financial systems.

Quantum mechanics relies on the assumption of continuous time. If time is discrete, as Bitcoin's architecture suggests, the foundational math for quantum computing is invalid. This means quantum computers may never pose an existential threat to Bitcoin's encryption, making the two models fundamentally incompatible.

The paper posits that Bitcoin blocks represent discrete, indivisible units of time. This provides a real-world, observable model that challenges the long-held assumption in physics that time is a continuous, infinitely divisible parameter, thus solving the double-spend problem logically.

We are inherently part of the physical universe, making it impossible to step outside of time to measure it. Bitcoin, as a human-made system that produces its own discrete time via blocks, offers a novel external perspective, allowing us to observe the mechanics of time from the outside in.

Instead of viewing time as a fourth dimension appended to space (spacetime), the authors propose "time-space." Here, time, as an ordered sequence of thermodynamic commitments (blocks), is the foundational constraint from which spatial and causal order emerge as derivative properties.